You'd Prefer An Argonaute

A.G. 151-200

Posted in Abstruse Goose, Lab Life by YPAA on April 19, 2011

If your last name begins with two letter “A”s, you should get into high energy physics

Posted in YPAA Journal Club by YPAA on April 19, 2011

Observation of a centrality-dependent dijet asymmetry in lead-lead collisions at sqrt[S(NN)] =2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC.

Aad G, Abbott B, Abdallah J, Abdelalim AA, Abdesselam A, Abdinov O, Abi B, Abolins M, Abramowicz H, Abreu H, Acerbi E, Acharya BS, Ackers M, Adams DL, Addy TN, Adelman J, Aderholz M, Adomeit S, Adragna P, Adye T, Aefsky S, Aguilar-Saavedra JA, Aharrouche M, Ahlen SP, Ahles F, Ahmad A, Ahsan M, Aielli G, Akdogan T, Akesson TP, Akimoto G, Akimov AV, Alam MS, Alam MA, Albrand S, Aleksa M, Aleksandrov IN, Aleppo M, Alessandria F, Alexa C, Alexander G, Alexandre G, Alexopoulos T, Alhroob M, Aliev M, Alimonti G, Alison J, Aliyev M, Allport PP, Allwood-Spiers SE, Almond J, Aloisio A, Alon R, Alonso A, Alonso J, Alviggi MG, Amako K, Amaral P, Amelung C, Ammosov VV, Amorim A, Amorós G, Amram N, Anastopoulos C, Andeen T, Anders CF, Anderson KJ, Andreazza A, Andrei V, Andrieux ML, Anduaga XS, Angerami A, Anghinolfi F, Anjos N, Annovi A, Antonaki A, Antonelli M, Antonelli S, Antos J, Anulli F, Aoun S, Bella LA, Apolle R, Arabidze G, Aracena I, Arai Y, Arce AT, Archambault JP, Arfaoui S, Arguin JF, Arik E, Arik M, Armbruster AJ, Arms KE, Armstrong SR, Arnaez O, Arnault C, Artamonov A, Artoni G, Arutinov D, Asai S, Silva J, Asfandiyarov R, Ask S, Asman B, Asquith L, Assamagan K, Astbury A, Astvatsatourov A, Atoian G, Aubert B, Auerbach B, Auge E, Augsten K, Aurousseau M, Austin N, Avramidou R, Axen D, Ay C, Azuelos G, Azuma Y, Baak MA, Baccaglioni G, Bacci C, Bach AM, Bachacou H, Bachas K, Bachy G, Backes M, Badescu E, Bagnaia P, Bahinipati S, Bai Y, Bailey DC, Bain T, Baines JT, Baker OK, Baker S, Pedrosa FB, Banas E, Banerjee P, Banerjee S, Banfi D, Bangert A, Bansal V, Bansil HS, Barak L, Baranov SP, Barashkou A, Galtieri AB, Barber T, Barberio EL, Barberis D, Barbero M, Bardin DY, Barillari T, Barisonzi M, Barklow T, Barlow N, Barnett BM, Barnett RM, Baroncelli A, Barr AJ, Barreiro F, da Costa JB, Barrillon P, Bartoldus R, Barton AE, Bartsch D, Bates RL, Batkova L, Batley JR, Battaglia A, Battistin M, Battistoni G, Bauer F, Bawa HS, Beare B, Beau T, Beauchemin PH, Beccherle R, Bechtle P, Beck HP, Beckingham M, Becks KH, Beddall AJ, Beddall A, Bednyakov VA, Bee C, Begel M, Harpaz SB, Behera PK, Beimforde M, Belanger-Champagne C, Bell PJ, Bell WH, Bella G, Bellagamba L, Bellina F, Bellomo G, Bellomo M, Belloni A, Belotskiy K, Beltramello O, Ben Ami S, Benary O, Benchekroun D, Benchouk C, Bendel M, Benedict BH, Benekos N, Benhammou Y, Benjamin DP, Benoit M, Bensinger JR, Benslama K, Bentvelsen S, Berge D, Kuutmann EB, Berger N, Berghaus F, Berglund E, Beringer J, Bernardet K, Bernat P, Bernhard R, Bernius C, Berry T, Bertin A, Bertinelli F, Bertolucci F, Besana MI, Besson N, Bethke S, Bhimji W, Bianchi RM, Bianco M, Biebel O, Biesiada J, Biglietti M, Bilokon H, Bindi M, Bingul A, Bini C, Biscarat C, Bitenc U, Black KM, Blair RE, Blanchard JB, Blanchot G, Blocker C, Blocki J, Blondel A, Blum W, Blumenschein U, Bobbink GJ, Bobrovnikov VB, Bocci A, Bock R, Boddy CR, Boehler M, Boek J, Boelaert N, Böser S, Bogaerts JA, Bogdanchikov A, Bogouch A, Bohm C, Boisvert V, Bold T, Boldea V, Boonekamp M, Boorman G, Booth CN, Booth P, Booth JR, Bordoni S, Borer C, Borisov A, Borissov G, Borjanovic I, Borroni S, Bos K, Boscherini D, Bosman M, Boterenbrood H, Botterill D, Bouchami J, Boudreau J, Bouhova-Thacker EV, Boulahouache C, Bourdarios C, Bousson N, Boveia A, Boyd J, Boyko IR, Bozhko NI, Bozovic-Jelisavcic I, Bracinik J, Braem A, Brambilla E, Branchini P, Brandenburg GW, Brandt A, Brandt G, Brandt O, Bratzler U, Brau B, Brau JE, Braun HM, Brelier B, Bremer J, Brenner R, Bressler S, Breton D, Brett ND, Bright-Thomas PG, Britton D, Brochu FM, Brock I, Brock R, Brodbeck TJ, Brodet E, Broggi F, Bromberg C, Brooijmans G, Brooks WK, Brown G, Brubaker E, de Renstrom PA, Bruncko D, Bruneliere R, Brunet S, Bruni A, Bruni G, Bruschi M, Buanes T, Bucci F, Buchanan J, Buchanan NJ, Buchholz P, Buckingham RM, Buckley AG, Buda SI, Budagov IA, Budick B, Büscher V, Bugge L, Buira-Clark D, Buis EJ, Bulekov O, Bunse M, Buran T, Burckhart H, Burdin S, Burgess T, Burke S, Busato E, Bussey P, Buszello CP, Butin F, Butler B, Butler JM, Buttar CM, Butterworth JM, Buttinger W, Byatt T, Urbán SC, Caccia M, Caforio D, Cakir O, Calafiura P, Calderini G, Calfayan P, Calkins R, Caloba LP, Caloi R, Calvet D, Calvet S, Camard A, Camarri P, Cambiaghi M, Cameron D, Cammin J, Campana S, Campanelli M, Canale V, Canelli F, Canepa A, Cantero J, Capasso L, Garrido MD, Caprini I, Caprini M, Capriotti D, Capua M, Caputo R, Caramarcu C, Cardarelli R, Carli T, Carlino G, Carminati L, Caron B, Caron S, Carpentieri C, Montoya GD, Montero SC, Carter AA, Carter JR, Carvalho J, Casadei D, Casado MP, Cascella M, Caso C, Hernandez AM, Castaneda-Miranda E, Gimenez VC, Castro NF, Cataldi G, Cataneo F, Catinaccio A, Catmore JR, Cattai A, Cattani G, Caughron S, Cavallari A, Cavalleri P, Cavalli D, Cavalli-Sforza M, Cavasinni V, Cazzato A, Ceradini F, Cerna C, Cerqueira AS, Cerri A, Cerrito L, Cerutti F, Cetin SA, Cevenini F, Chafaq A, Chakraborty D, Chan K, Chapleau B, Chapman JD, Chapman JW, Chareyre E, Charlton DG, Chavda V, Cheatham S, Chekanov S, Chekulaev SV, Chelkov GA, Chen H, Chen L, Chen S, Chen T, Chen X, Cheng S, Cheplakov A, Chepurnov VF, El Moursli RC, Tcherniatine V, Cheu E, Cheung SL, Chevalier L, Chevallier F, Chiefari G, Chikovani L, Childers JT, Chilingarov A, Chiodini G, Chizhov MV, Choudalakis G, Chouridou S, Christidi IA, Christov A, Chromek-Burckhart D, Chu ML, Chudoba J, Ciapetti G, Ciftci AK, Ciftci R, Cinca D, Cindro V, Ciobotaru MD, Ciocca C, Ciocio A, Cirilli M, Ciubancan M, Clark A, Clark PJ, Cleland W, Clemens JC, Clement B, Clement C, Clifft RW, Coadou Y, Cobal M, Coccaro A, Cochran J, Coe P, Cogan JG, Coggeshall J, Cogneras E, Cojocaru CD, Colas J, Cole B, Colijn AP, Collard C, Collins NJ, Collins-Tooth C, Collot J, Colon G, Coluccia R, Comune G, Muiño PC, Coniavitis E, Conidi MC, Consonni M, Constantinescu S, Conta C, Conventi F, Cook J, Cooke M, Cooper BD, Cooper-Sarkar AM, Cooper-Smith NJ, Copic K, Cornelissen T, Corradi M, Correard S, Corriveau F, Cortes-Gonzalez A, Cortiana G, Costa G, Costa MJ, Costanzo D, Costin T, Côté D, Torres RC, Courneyea L, Cowan G, Cowden C, Cox BE, Cranmer K, Cristinziani M, Crosetti G, Crupi R, Crépé-Renaudin S, Almenar CC, Donszelmann TC, Cuneo S, Curatolo M, Curtis CJ, Cwetanski P, Czirr H, Czyczula Z, D’Auria S, D’Onofrio M, D’Orazio A, Mello Ada R, Da Silva PV, Da Via C, Dabrowski W, Dahlhoff A, Dai T, Dallapiccola C, Dallison SJ, Dam M, Dameri M, Damiani DS, Danielsson HO, Dankers R, Dannheim D, Dao V, Darbo G, Darlea GL, Daum C, Dauvergne JP, Davey W, Davidek T, Davidson N, Davidson R, Davies M, Davison AR, Dawe E, Dawson I, Dawson JW, Daya RK, De K, de Asmundis R, De Castro S, De Cecco S, de Graat J, De Groot N, de Jong P, De La Cruz-Burelo E, De La Taille C, De Lotto B, De Mora L, De Nooij L, Branco Mde O, De Pedis D, de Saintignon P, De Salvo A, De Sanctis U, De Santo A, De Regie JB, Dean S, Debbe R, Dedes G, Dedovich DV, Degenhardt J, Dehchar M, Deile M, Del Papa C, Del Peso J, Del Prete T, Dell’Acqua A, Dell’Asta L, Della Pietra M, Della Volpe D, Delmastro M, Delpierre P, Delruelle N, Delsart PA, Deluca C, Demers S, Demichev M, Demirkoz B, Deng J, Denisov SP, Dennis C, Derendarz D, Derkaoui JE, Derue F, Dervan P, Desch K, Devetak E, Deviveiros PO, Dewhurst A, DeWilde B, Dhaliwal S, Dhullipudi R, Di Ciaccio A, Di Ciaccio L, Di Girolamo A, Di Girolamo B, Di Luise S, Di Mattia A, Di Nardo R, Di Simone A, Di Sipio R, Diaz MA, Diblen F, Diehl EB, Dietl H, Dietrich J, Dietzsch TA, Diglio S, Yagci KD, Dingfelder J, Dionisi C, Dita P, Dita S, Dittus F, Djama F, Djilkibaev R, Djobava T, do Vale MA, Wemans Ado V, Doan TK, Dobbs M, Dobinson R, Dobos D, Dobson E, Dobson M, Dodd J, Dogan OB, Doglioni C, Doherty T, Doi Y, Dolejsi J, Dolenc I, Dolezal Z, Dolgoshein BA, Dohmae T, Donadelli M, Donega M, Donini J, Dopke J, Doria A, Dos Anjos A, Dosil M, Dotti A, Dova MT, Dowell JD, Doxiadis AD, Doyle AT, Drasal Z, Drees J, Dressnandt N, Drevermann H, Driouichi C, Dris M, Drohan JG, Dubbert J, Dubbs T, Dube S, Duchovni E, Duckeck G, Dudarev A, Dudziak F, Dührssen M, Duerdoth IP, Duflot L, Dufour MA, Dunford M, Yildiz HD, Duxfield R, Dwuznik M, Dydak F, Dzahini D, Düren M, Ebke J, Eckert S, Eckweiler S, Edmonds K, Edwards CA, Efthymiopoulos I, Ehrenfeld W, Ehrich T, Eifert T, Eigen G, Einsweiler K, Eisenhandler E, Ekelof T, El Kacimi M, Ellert M, Elles S, Ellinghaus F, Ellis K, Ellis N, Elmsheuser J, Elsing M, Ely R, Emeliyanov D, Engelmann R, Engl A, Epp B, Eppig A, Erdmann J, Ereditato A, Eriksson D, Ernst J, Ernst M, Ernwein J, Errede D, Errede S, Ertel E, Escalier M, Escobar C, Curull XE, Esposito B, Etienne F, Etienvre AI, Etzion E, Evangelakou D, Evans H, Fabbri L, Fabre C, Facius K, Fakhrutdinov RM, Falciano S, Falou AC, Fang Y, Fanti M, Farbin A, Farilla A, Farley J, Farooque T, Farrington SM, Farthouat P, Fasching D, Fassnacht P, Fassouliotis D, Fatholahzadeh B, Favareto A, Fayard L, Fazio S, Febbraro R, Federic P, Fedin OL, Fedorko I, Fedorko W, Fehling-Kaschek M, Feligioni L, Fellmann D, Felzmann CU, Feng C, Feng EJ, Fenyuk AB, Ferencei J, Ferguson D, Ferland J, Fernandes B, Fernando W, Ferrag S, Ferrando J, Ferrara V, Ferrari A, Ferrari P, Ferrari R, Ferrer A, Ferrer ML, Ferrere D, Ferretti C, Parodi AF, Fiascaris M, Fiedler F, Filipčič A, Filippas A, Filthaut F, Fincke-Keeler M, Fiolhais MC, Fiorini L, Firan A, Fischer G, Fischer P, Fisher MJ, Fisher SM, Flammer J, Flechl M, Fleck I, Fleckner J, Fleischmann P, Fleischmann S, Flick T, Castillo LR, Flowerdew MJ, Föhlisch F, Fokitis M, Martin TF, Forbush DA, Formica A, Forti A, Fortin D, Foster JM, Fournier D, Foussat A, Fowler AJ, Fowler K, Fox H, Francavilla P, Franchino S, Francis D, Frank T, Franklin M, Franz S, Fraternali M, Fratina S, French ST, Froeschl R, Froidevaux D, Frost JA, Fukunaga C, Torregrosa EF, Fuster J, Gabaldon C, Gabizon O, Gadfort T, Gadomski S, Gagliardi G, Gagnon P, Galea C, Gallas EJ, Gallas MV, Gallo V, Gallop BJ, Gallus P, Galyaev E, Gan KK, Gao YS, Gapienko VA, Gaponenko A, Garberson F, Garcia-Sciveres M, García C, Navarro JE, Gardner RW, Garelli N, Garitaonandia H, Garonne V, Garvey J, Gatti C, Gaudio G, Gaumer O, Gaur B, Gauthier L, Gavrilenko IL, Gay C, Gaycken G, Gayde JC, Gazis EN, Ge P, Gee CN, Geich-Gimbel Ch, Gellerstedt K, Gemme C, Genest MH, Gentile S, Georgatos F, George S, Gerlach P, Gershon A, Geweniger C, Ghazlane H, Ghez P, Ghodbane N, Giacobbe B, Giagu S, Giakoumopoulou V, Giangiobbe V, Gianotti F, Gibbard B, Gibson A, Gibson SM, Gieraltowski GF, Gilbert LM, Gilchriese M, Gildemeister O, Gilewsky V, Gillberg D, Gillman AR, Gingrich DM, Ginzburg J, Giokaris N, Giordano R, Giorgi FM, Giovannini P, Giraud PF, Giugni D, Giusti P, Gjelsten BK, Gladilin LK, Glasman C, Glatzer J, Glazov A, Glitza KW, Glonti GL, Godfrey J, Godlewski J, Goebel M, Göpfert T, Goeringer C, Gössling C, Göttfert T, Goldfarb S, Goldin D, Golling T, Gollub NP, Golovnia SN, Gomes A, Fajardo LS, Gonçalo R, Gonella L, Gong C, Gonidec A, Gonzalez S, de la Hoz SG, Silva ML, Gonzalez-Sevilla S, Goodson JJ, Goossens L, Gorbounov PA, Gordon HA, Gorelov I, Gorfine G, Gorini B, Gorini E, Gorišek A, Gornicki E, Gorokhov SA, Gorski BT, Goryachev VN, Gosdzik B, Gosselink M, Gostkin MI, Gouanère M, Eschrich IG, Gouighri M, Goujdami D, Goulette MP, Goussiou AG, Goy C, Grabowska-Bold I, Grabski V, Grafström P, Grah C, Grahn KJ, Grancagnolo F, Grancagnolo S, Grassi V, Gratchev V, Grau N, Gray HM, Gray JA, Graziani E, Grebenyuk OG, Greenfield D, Greenshaw T, Greenwood ZD, Gregor IM, Grenier P, Griesmayer E, Griffiths J, Grigalashvili N, Grillo AA, Grimm K, Grinstein S, Gris PL, Grishkevich YV, Grivaz JF, Grognuz J, Groh M, Gross E, Grosse-Knetter J, Groth-Jensen J, Gruwe M, Grybel K, Guarino VJ, Guicheney C, Guida A, Guillemin T, Guindon S, Guler H, Gunther J, Guo B, Guo J, Gupta A, Gusakov Y, Gushchin VN, Gutierrez A, Gutierrez P, Guttman N, Gutzwiller O, Guyot C, Gwenlan C, Gwilliam CB, Haas A, Haas S, Haber C, Hackenburg R, Hadavand HK, Hadley DR, Haefner P, Hahn F, Haider S, Hajduk Z, Hakobyan H, Haller J, Hamacher K, Hamilton A, Hamilton S, Han H, Han L, Hanagaki K, Hance M, Handel C, Hanke P, Hansen CJ, Hansen JR, Hansen JB, Hansen JD, Hansen PH, Hansson P, Hara K, Hare GA, Harenberg T, Harper D, Harrington RD, Harris OM, Harrison K, Hart JC, Hartert J, Hartjes F, Haruyama T, Harvey A, Hasegawa S, Hasegawa Y, Hassani S, Hatch M, Hauff D, Haug S, Hauschild M, Hauser R, Havranek M, Hawes BM, Hawkes CM, Hawkings RJ, Hawkins D, Hayakawa T, Hayden D, Hayward HS, Haywood SJ, Hazen E, He M, Head SJ, Hedberg V, Heelan L, Heim S, Heinemann B, Heisterkamp S, Helary L, Heldmann M, Heller M, Hellman S, Helsens C, Henderson RC, Henke M, Henrichs A, Correia AM, Henrot-Versille S, Henry-Couannier F, Hensel C, Henss T, Jiménez YH, Herrberg R, Hershenhorn AD, Herten G, Hertenberger R, Hervas L, Hessey NP, Hidvegi A, Higón-Rodriguez E, Hill D, Hill JC, Hill N, Hiller KH, Hillert S, Hillier SJ, Hinchliffe I, Hines E, Hirose M, Hirsch F, Hirschbuehl D, Hobbs J, Hod N, Hodgkinson MC, Hodgson P, Hoecker A, Hoeferkamp MR, Hoffman J, Hoffmann D, Hohlfeld M, Holder M, Holmes A, Holmgren SO, Holy T, Holzbauer JL, Homer RJ, Homma Y, Horazdovsky T, Horn C, Horner S, Horton K, Hostachy JY, Hott T, Hou S, Houlden MA, Hoummada A, Howarth J, Howell DF, Hristova I, Hrivnac J, Hruska I, Hryn’ova T, Hsu PJ, Hsu SC, Huang GS, Hubacek Z, Hubaut F, Huegging F, Huffman TB, Hughes EW, Hughes G, Hughes-Jones RE, Huhtinen M, Hurst P, Hurwitz M, Husemann U, Huseynov N, Huston J, Huth J, Iacobucci G, Iakovidis G, Ibbotson M, Ibragimov I, Ichimiya R, Iconomidou-Fayard L, Idarraga J, Idzik M, Iengo P, Igonkina O, Ikegami Y, Ikeno M, Ilchenko Y, Iliadis D, Imbault D, Imhaeuser M, Imori M, Ince T, Inigo-Golfin J, Ioannou P, Iodice M, Ionescu G, Quiles AI, Ishii K, Ishikawa A, Ishino M, Ishmukhametov R, Isobe T, Issever C, Istin S, Itoh Y, Ivashin AV, Iwanski W, Iwasaki H, Izen JM, Izzo V, Jackson B, Jackson JN, Jackson P, Jaekel MR, Jain V, Jakobs K, Jakobsen S, Jakubek J, Jana DK, Jankowski E, Jansen E, Jantsch A, Janus M, Jarlskog G, Jeanty L, Jelen K, Jen-La Plante I, Jenni P, Jeremie A, Jež P, Jézéquel S, Ji H, Ji W, Jiang Y, Belenguer MJ, Jin G, Jin S, Jinnouchi O, Joergensen MD, Joffe D, Johansen LG, Johansen M, Johansson KE, Johansson P, Johnert S, Johns KA, Jon-And K, Jones G, Jones RW, Jones TW, Jones TJ, Jonsson O, Joo KK, Joram C, Jorge PM, Joseph J, Ju X, Juranek V, Jussel P, Kabachenko VV, Kabana S, Kaci M, Kaczmarska A, Kadlecik P, Kado M, Kagan H, Kagan M, Kaiser S, Kajomovitz E, Kalinin S, Kalinovskaya LV, Kama S, Kanaya N, Kaneda M, Kanno T, Kantserov VA, Kanzaki J, Kaplan B, Kapliy A, Kaplon J, Kar D, Karagoz M, Karnevskiy M, Karr K, Kartvelishvili V, Karyukhin AN, Kashif L, Kasmi A, Kass RD, Kastanas A, Kataoka M, Kataoka Y, Katsoufis E, Katzy J, Kaushik V, Kawagoe K, Kawamoto T, Kawamura G, Kayl MS, Kazanin VA, Kazarinov MY, Kazi SI, Keates JR, Keeler R, Kehoe R, Keil M, Kekelidze GD, Kelly M, Kennedy J, Kenney CJ, Kenyon M, Kepka O, Kerschen N, Kerševan BP, Kersten S, Kessoku K, Ketterer C, Khakzad M, Khalil-zada F, Khandanyan H, Khanov A, Kharchenko D, Khodinov A, Kholodenko AG, Khomich A, Khoo TJ, Khoriauli G, Khovanskiy N, Khovanskiy V, Khramov E, Khubua J, Kilvington G, Kim H, Kim MS, Kim PC, Kim SH, Kimura N, Kind O, King BT, King M, King RS, Kirk J, Kirsch GP, Kirsch LE, Kiryunin AE, Kisielewska D, Kittelmann T, Kiver AM, Kiyamura H, Kladiva E, Klaiber-Lodewigs J, Klein M, Klein U, Kleinknecht K, Klemetti M, Klier A, Klimentov A, Klingenberg R, Klinkby EB, Klioutchnikova T, Klok PF, Klous S, Kluge EE, Kluge T, Kluit P, Kluth S, Kneringer E, Knobloch J, Knue A, Ko BR, Kobayashi T, Kobel M, Koblitz B, Kocian M, Kocnar A, Kodys P, Köneke K, König AC, Koenig S, König S, Köpke L, Koetsveld F, Koevesarki P, Koffas T, Koffeman E, Kohn F, Kohout Z, Kohriki T, Koi T, Kokott T, Kolachev GM, Kolanoski H, Kolesnikov V, Koletsou I, Koll J, Kollar D, Kollefrath M, Kolya SD, Komar AA, Komaragiri JR, Kondo T, Kono T, Kononov AI, Konoplich R, Konstantinidis N, Kootz A, Koperny S, Kopikov SV, Korcyl K, Kordas K, Koreshev V, Korn A, Korol A, Korolkov I, Korolkova EV, Korotkov VA, Kortner O, Kortner S, Kostyukhin VV, Kotamäki MJ, Kotov S, Kotov VM, Kourkoumelis C, Koutsman A, Kowalewski R, Kowalski TZ, Kozanecki W, Kozhin AS, Kral V, Kramarenko VA, Kramberger G, Krasel O, Krasny MW, Krasznahorkay A, Kraus J, Kreisel A, Krejci F, Kretzschmar J, Krieger N, Krieger P, Kroeninger K, Kroha H, Kroll J, Kroseberg J, Krstic J, Kruchonak U, Krüger H, Krumshteyn ZV, Kruth A, Kubota T, Kuehn S, Kugel A, Kuhl T, Kuhn D, Kukhtin V, Kulchitsky Y, Kuleshov S, Kummer C, Kuna M, Kundu N, Kunkle J, Kupco A, Kurashige H, Kurata M, Kurochkin YA, Kus V, Kuykendall W, Kuze M, Kuzhir P, Kvasnicka O, Kwee R, La Rosa A, La Rotonda L, Labarga L, Labbe J, Lacasta C, Lacava F, Lacker H, Lacour D, Lacuesta VR, Ladygin E, Lafaye R, Laforge B, Lagouri T, Lai S, Laisne E, Lamanna M, 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Ziolkowski M, Zitoun R, Zivković L, Zmouchko VV, Zobernig G, Zoccoli A, Zolnierowski Y, Zsenei A, zur Nedden M, Zutshi V, Zwalinski L; ATLAS Collaboration.

Phys Rev Lett. 2010 Dec 17;105(25):252303. Epub 2010 Dec 13.

RNA Journal Club 4/7/11

Posted in RNA Journal Club, RNAJC w/ review by YPAA on April 15, 2011

CRISPR RNA maturation by trans-encoded small RNA and host factor RNase III

Elitza Deltcheva, Krzysztof Chylinski, Cynthia M. Sharma, Karine Gonzales, Yanjie Chao, Zaid A. Pirzada, Maria R. Eckert, Jörg Vogel & Emmanuelle Charpentier

Nature 471, 602–607, 31 March 2011.
doi:10.1038/nature09886

This week’s superb summary and analysis by Josien van Wolfswinkel:

Over the last couple of decades CRISPR has become known as the prokaryote version of an adaptive immune response against viruses. In contrast to the vertebrate version of immunity, this system functions not on a protein level, but via recognition of the DNA sequence of the invader by crRNAs.

The CRISPR system consists of two units that together form the CRISPR locus: the “clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats” (CRISPRs), and the CRISPR associated (cas) proteins which are encoded as a group directly adjacent to the CRISPRs. A CRISPR sequence consists of ~30nt long repeats which are interrupted by ~40nt sequences that can be derived from phages. The whole sequence is initially transcribed as a long single-stranded pre-crRNA, from which mature crRNAs consisting of a single spacer sequence with some surrounding repeat sequence are processed by the cas proteins. Based on the combination of proteins encoded in the cluster, 8 types of CRISPR clusters can be distinguished. Most of them contain an enzyme that is known to perform the RNA processing reaction, however in two types of clusters (Nmeni and Dvulg) no processing enzyme had been found so far.

In this paper Delcheva et al. describe a novel pathway for the processing of mature crRNA from the pre-crRNA primary transcript. First, the authors established that many clinical isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes contain two types of CRISPR clusters (Nmeni and Dvulg), of which only the first type is expressed. The S. pyogenes Nmeni cluster produces mature crRNAs with a 5′ monoP, suggesting that these are not primary transcripts, yet none of the known CRISPR processing enzymes is encoded among the cas genes of this cluster. The authors identified a locus adjacent to the CRISPR cluster, which produces two primary transcripts and one processed RNA species at high levels, and named this the trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA). Closer inspection of the locus sequence revealed a 25 nucleotide stretch present in both primary tracrRNA transcripts that has almost perfect complementarity to part of the repeat in the pre-crRNA primary transcript. Notably, the 5′ end of the processed tracrRNA, as well as the 3′ end of mature crRNAs are located within this basepairing region.

The authors used deletions of both tracrRNA and pre-crRNA loci to show that the production of mature crRNA depends on co-processing with the tracrRNA. The positioning of the cleavage sites on the pre-crRNA/tracrRNA duplex shows a 2nt 3′ overhang, suggestive of processing by an RNase III type enzyme. Indeed deletion of the S. pyogenes RNase III gene rnc abolished the co-processing, and recombinant Rnc was sufficient to drive co-processing of pre-crRNA and tracrRNA in vitro. In vivo however, the cas gene csn1 (but none of the other cas genes) was also required.

The authors then asked whether this CRISPR cluster can effectively confer resistance to invading phages or plasmids. They created a plasmid containing a sequence identical to one of the spacers in the CRISPR locus and found that this plasmid cannot be transfected into wildtype S. pyogenes, but is accepted by mutants in pre-crRNA, tracrRNA, rnc, or csn1.

Finally the authors identified tracrRNA loci in other species carrying the Nmeni type CRISPR cluster, and show that RNA from these loci is expressed and processed with similar dynamics as in S. pyogenes. Therefore, the mechanism described in this paper may well be a general mechanism for processing crRNA from Nmeni type clusters.

Technically, the paper is solid, but it is the conceptual aspects of it that make it remarkable. First, there have been many indications that CRISPR clusters have been transmitted between bacteria by horizontal gene transfer, and so far the clusters seemed to function as autonomous entities, which are independent of the rest of the bacterial genome. The mechanism for crRNA processing described in this paper is the first report of CRISPR dependency on unlinked loci (i.e. the Rnc that is required for the processing is not present in the CRISPR cluster). It is unclear whether this is due to a loss of independence of the Nmeni cluster, or whether the Nmeni cluster actually represents an ancestral minimal version of the CRISPR system. Second, these Nmeni crRNAs lack the 8nt 5′ repeat-derived tag–defined by positioning of the processing enzyme– characteristic of previously studied crRNAs in other species. The presence of these repeat-derived tags has also been shown to be important for the discrimination between self and non-self. In contrast, in the Nmeni-specific mechanism described in this paper, the repeat-derived tag is on the 3′ end, and therefore it is this end of the mature crRNA that is precisely defined (in this case by the Rnc and the base-pairing with the tracrRNA). This suggests that the mechanism of self versus non-self discrimination could be similar even between classes of crRNAs that differ in the positioning of their repeat-derived tags at opposite ends.

Finally, there is the very tempting parallel between this type of crRNA processing in prokaryotes and the diverse regulatory small RNA pathways in eukaryotes. Both systems use the functionality of an RNase III type enzyme to create small RNAs that are used in a silencing response. The remaining parts of the biogenesis pathways and the modes of silencing differ substantially, but nevertheless, it is interesting that the use of RNase III for regulatory small RNA processing is so widespread.

2011 Keystone RNAi meeting. Enhhh.

Posted in Conferences by YPAA on April 15, 2011

I didn’t go to this meeting, but it sounded like there were fewer marquee talks this year, due in part to the host of other small RNA meetings recently. Plus it was raining cats and dogs in Monterey. Thus the “Enhhh.”

Still a few nuggets worth mentioning though.

Ian MacRae told an interesting result of guide strands being unloaded more with increased complementarity, especially in the 3′ end, to the target RNA. Introducing more mismatches could inhibit unloading. Therefore when targets are present, miRNAs are more stable in AGO than siRNAs, possibly due to the acrobatics that AGO performs to accomodate a ~19-21mer duplex, especially the PAZ domain which interacts with the 3′ end of the guide. I imagine the degree of this effect is also AGO specific.

The structure of C3PO, an endoribonuclease that promotes RISC activation by removing siRNA passenger strand cleavage products, was solved twice and was compared to an avocado and the Death Star. Yay.                          

There was a bit of controversy regarding a paper published by Rachel Green’s group early last year which proposed an allosteric site in the MID domain that could bind the 5′ cap of mRNAs (which I presented in RNA Journal Club and reviewed here). Filipp Frank from Nahum Sonenberg’s group presented convincing biochemical and structural studies that showed no functional evidence for this allosteric site in the MID domain.

Argument over the mechanism of miRNA repression–mRNA degradation vs. translational repression in both temporal and absolute senses continued to be hotly debated.

Elisa Izaurralde pushed the idea that deadenylation is a direct effect of miRNA action, and not solely a consequence of translational repression.

One of the most intriguing talks came from Antonio Giraldez. His lab has been doing ribosome profiling in zebrafish during early embryogenesis where miR-430 dominates to clear maternal mRNAs, so the system is pretty clean. His main point was that in this scenario, at one time point where miR-430 expression peaks, there is translational repression without mRNA degradation. At the next time point a couple hours later, mRNA degradation comes into play, perhaps even slightly more than translational repression. Understanding the kinetics of deadenylation in relation to mRNA degradation will be key to interpreting these data from time points so close to miR-430 expression peaking.

Lastly, lush biochemistry is still the essence of the Yuki Tomari lab. They have some nice in vitro assays to follow piRNA processing, namely trimming of precursor molecules by a yet unidentified nuclease whose function seems to be coupled with methylation of the piRNAs.

AGO AGO Decoy

Posted in Media, YPAA Journal Club by YPAA on April 14, 2011

A nice looking new paper on AGO10 is accompanied by a video on the Cell website.

RNA Journal Club 4/14/11

Posted in RNA Journal Club by YPAA on April 14, 2011

MicroRNAs are transported in plasma and delivered to recipient cells by high-density lipoproteins

Kasey C. Vickers, Brian T. Palmisano, Bassem M. Shoucri, Robert D. Shamburek and Alan T. Remaley

Nature Cell Biology 13 (4), April 2011.
doi:10.1038/ncb2210

A.G. 201-250

Posted in Abstruse Goose, Lab Life by YPAA on April 3, 2011

YPAA Contest #2

Posted in Blog Affairs by YPAA on April 1, 2011

We had our first contest back in November in which an awesome Puffer Hubbard t-shirt was awarded. Let’s roll out Contest #2!

Here are the rules: Answer the three questions below in a comment, and the first two people to correctly answer all three win! It’s that simple.

Question 1

Define “microRNA” correctly in four words or less. No sentence fragments.

Question 2

For every RNase known, list organism from which was first isolated, and briefly describe activity and specificity.

Question 3

Which would win in a three-way fight, ribosome or spliceosome or RNase P? Substantiate your answer carefully and concisely.

Grand Prize: Travel to (no hotel) and one entry to the Creation Museum (Prepare to Believe!) in Petersburg, KY.

Petersburg, KY

First Prize: One unused tube of NEB Buffer 2.

Unused tube of NEB Buffer 2

GOOD LUCK!

RNA Journal Club 3/11/11

Posted in RNA Journal Club by YPAA on March 31, 2011

Reduced fidelity of branch point recognition and alternative splicing induced by the anti-tumor drug spliceostatin A

Anna Corrionero, Belén Miñana, and Juan Valcárcel

Genes & Development 25: 445–459, 1 March 2011.
doi: 10.1101/gad.2014311

Opposing a non-religious attack on science

Posted in Science Journalism by YPAA on March 28, 2011

Humans have always sought answers to nature’s most basic questions, like what are we made of? What surrounds us? What governs this existence? This experience has been manifested most discretely in scientists, who attempt to breakdown the complexity of the natural world into formulas, observations, and theories. With increasing frequency, our curiosities about the world are yielding new solutions, such as medicines and technologies, to old problems, like human disease and energy consumption. Sometimes these solutions make our lives more comfortable, and while there is no doubt that the promise for such outcomes helps sustain science economically, at its core still burns our curiosity and creativity. Science is essential to us.

This brings me to Wendell Berry, and a piece he wrote for Harper’s entitled Faustian Economics: Hell hath no limits. In his piece, Berry, a highly respected American writer/essayist, characterizes our beloved scientific enterprise as utterly wasteful.

Berry’s arguments that I want to highlight aren’t the thesis of his essay, but they emerge in support of it. I encounter his thesis, actually, to be one of great moral significance–to shed our long-held assumptions of limitlessness in the world, with respect to growth, wealth, natural resources, and debt. In Berry’s words:

The normalization of the doctrine of limitlessness has produced a sort of moral minimalism: the desire to be efficient at any cost, to be unencumbered by complexity…

Our national faith so far has been: “There’s always more.” Our true religion is a sort of autistic industrialism. People of intelligence and ability seem now to be genuinely embarrassed by any solution to any problem that does not involve high technology, a great expenditure of energy, or a big machine…

Focusing on economic matters, in one example Berry points out the oxymoronic notion of “free market,” which by definition imposes great economic inequalities, such as in the pharmaceutical industry where there exists

… an absolute discontinuity between the economy of the seller of medicines and the economy of the buyer…

This is because the industry can wield total control over the health and survival of some patients, while the patients themselves usually have no control over the price of drugs. I believe this is an argument worth engaging, but not without careful separation of science from business, which Berry neglects.

Therefore I was disturbed when he generalized these sorts of examples to say that most scientists have been completely naive in the goals of their work.

It is this economy of community destruction that, wittingly or unwittingly, most scientists and technicians have served for the past two hundred years. These scientists and technicians have justified themselves by the proposition that they are the vanguard of progress, enlarging human knowledge and power, and thus they have romanticized both themselves and the predatory enterprises that they have served.

I find this statement ludicrous, and a kind of dangerous anti-science rhetoric that doesn’t advertise ignorance of what we do necessarily (like many forms do), but rather why. In this respect Berry is totally off, it seems he hasn’t listened to any scientists speak about why they are scientists. Or it’s possible he hasn’t sampled a fair cross-section, either way, attacking the scientists cannot help his cause.

Returning to the problem of limitlessness, Berry then contrasts scientists to artists to try to advance his point.

To deal with the problems, which after all are inescapable, of living with limited intelligence in a limited world, I suggest that we may have to remove some of the emphasis we have lately placed on science and technology and have a new look at the arts. For an art does not propose to enlarge itself by limitless extension but rather to enrich itself within bounds that are accepted prior to the work.

It is the artists, not the scientists, who have dealt unremittingly with the problem of limits. A painting, however large, must finally be bounded by a frame or a wall… Within these limits artists achieve elaborations of pattern, of sustaining relationships of parts with one another and with the whole, that may be astonishingly complex…

It is true that insofar as scientific experiments must be conducted within carefully observed limits, scientists also are artists. But in science one experiment, whether it succeeds or fails, is logically followed by another in a theoretically infinite progression. According to the underlying myth of modern science, this progression is always replacing the smaller knowledge of the past with the larger knowledge of the present, which will be replaced by the yet larger knowledge of the future.

In the arts, by contrast, no limitless sequence of works is ever implied or looked for. No work of art is necessarily followed by a second work that is necessarily better. Given the methodologies of science, the law of gravity and the genome were bound to be discovered by somebody; the identity of the discoverer is incidental to the fact. But it appears that in the arts there are no second chances. We must assume that we had one chance each for The Divine Comedy and King Lear. If Dante and Shakespeare had died before they wrote those poems, nobody ever would have written them.

Scientists constantly deal with the problem of limits, but a “larger” knowledge hasn’t been what we’re after, it’s a refined knowledge. Not greater mass; but greater magnitude. We work towards a more complete understanding of how things are connected in nature, exactly the “sustaining relationships” Berry describes. In refining our understanding of the natural world and its history, all scientists are inspired by work that preceded theirs, as are artists. The capacity for insightful thought and creativity hasn’t really changed for artists or scientists for thousands of years, only the instruments have changed.

And regarding Berry’s assertion that “the identity of the discoverer is incidental to the fact”? This simply isn’t true, and among the numerous exceptions are those that have probably had the most substantial impacts on science. Like Einstein. If you had a very wild imagination, you might imagine several people collectively making Einstein’s quantum intellectual leaps. Had he never existed, the record of science would be very different, like the arts would be different had you subtracted Shakespeare.

We can appreciate art for its often singular nature, resulting from the unique mind and experience of individuals whom create pieces loosely connected by time, medium, or emotion. Science has its own such pieces, together which sustain our curiosity and understanding of life and all matter in the universe. Each new piece can combine with the last, sometimes they join in a unifying way, wholly the result of human creativity in the face of absolute limits. The results have been beautiful, don’t you think?

A.G. 251-300

Posted in Abstruse Goose, Lab Life by YPAA on March 25, 2011

Is it a blog if I just re-post Abstruse Goose comics all the time?

Cuz that’s all I feel like doing now.

http://abstrusegoose.com/275

 

http://abstrusegoose.com/277

 

http://abstrusegoose.com/284

 

http://abstrusegoose.com/286

 

I know some people that could really fit in one of these too, you know, 6.7 days a week.

http://www.cafepress.com/abstrusegoose.378899935

RNA Journal Club 3/24/11

Posted in RNA Journal Club by YPAA on March 24, 2011

A long noncoding RNA maintains active chromatin to coordinate homeotic gene expression

Kevin C. Wang, Yul W. Yang, Bo Liu, Amartya Sanyal, Ryan Corces-Zimmerman, Yong Chen, Bryan R. Lajoie, Angeline Protacio, Ryan A. Flynn, Rajnish A. Gupta, Joanna Wysocka, Ming Lei, Job Dekker, Jill A. Helms & Howard Y. Chang

Nature AOP, 20 March 2011.
doi:10.1038/nature09819

Abstruse Goose! Abstruse Goose!

Posted in Abstruse Goose, Lab Life by YPAA on March 21, 2011

Evidently I need to stay in more, because I only just found out about this incredible comic today. It’s very funny.

My favorites thus far (301-350):

http://abstrusegoose.com/339


http://abstrusegoose.com/341


http://abstrusegoose.com/334


http://abstrusegoose.com/325


http://abstrusegoose.com/321


http://abstrusegoose.com/324